Designing for Neurodiversity: A Holistic Approach

Incorporating design elements that address neurodiversity is becoming a fundamental aspect of contemporary architectural and interior design. But what does this really mean? Designing for neurodiversity involves a broad spectrum of sensory and spatial considerations aimed at creating inclusive environments that support a diverse range of cognitive and sensory experiences. From light, sound, and texture to wayfinding, corridor width, and furniture selection, each design choice has a direct impact on both neurodiverse and neurotypical individuals.

As companies and institutions integrate neurodiverse-friendly design principles, these considerations are becoming an essential layer of the design process, much like sustainability has become a standard expectation in modern architecture. As noted in the 2022 BCO report, Designing for Neurodiversity, “The conditions that fall under the neurodiversity umbrella cover a wide spectrum, and the lived experiences of these conditions are all unique.” This presents a unique challenge for designers—historically, spaces have been designed with the ‘average’ user in mind, yet the concept of an ‘average person’ is increasingly recognized as a fallacy. Instead, contemporary design must embrace the diversity of human experiences, crafting spaces that accommodate a range of needs and preferences.

Key Considerations in Neurodiverse Design

Temperature Regulation

Thermal comfort plays a significant role in cognitive function and overall well-being. While regulations often exist to ensure indoor spaces do not become too cold for work or learning, similar protections for excessive heat are often overlooked. Individuals with sensory sensitivities may struggle with feeling too warm, which can impair concentration and productivity.

The most effective temperature control solutions are typically found in enclosed spaces, but large open environments pose additional challenges. However, recent trends toward passive architectural strategies—such as operable windows and natural ventilation—are reintroducing ancient techniques to regulate temperature efficiently. By incorporating such adaptive solutions, designers can create spaces that support diverse comfort needs.

Acoustics and Sound Management

Managing acoustics in shared spaces is essential for individuals who are sensitive to auditory stimuli. One potential innovation is the introduction of a noise-canceling headset station, akin to mobile charging stations, where users can borrow and return headsets as needed. Additionally, furniture solutions with built-in acoustic dampening can provide individual users with adaptable quiet zones.

Mechanical system noise and vibrations also require careful consideration. Collaboration with engineers can help identify HVAC systems and other building infrastructure with reduced noise output. As sustainability and efficiency continue to drive mechanical system advancements, quieter options may emerge that also address neurodiverse needs.

Lighting Considerations

Lighting can be a source of discomfort for many neurodiverse individuals. While regulatory requirements dictate certain lighting levels for various tasks, designers should explore solutions that allow for greater individual control. Dimmable lighting, adjustable task lights, and layered lighting strategies can help create adaptable environments that accommodate different sensitivities.

Flexible Space Types

Providing a range of spatial options empowers individuals to select environments that align with their comfort and productivity needs. Furniture pods, for example, offer enclosed, acoustically controlled, and temperature-regulated spaces that can benefit users who experience sensory overload. These pods should be ADA-compliant and feature neutral, non-textured materials to minimize distractions.

Similarly, offices can incorporate clearly defined quiet zones with softer lighting, reduced texture, and enhanced environmental controls. Drawing from existing models, such as compliance walls in financial institutions, designers can create enclosed suites within open-plan offices to better support neurodiverse individuals while maintaining an integrated workplace.

Designing for Variety, Choice, and Autonomy

While providing choices is crucial, an overabundance of options can be overwhelming. A structured approach to spatial selection can help users make informed decisions about their environments. One potential strategy is a guided selection tool that narrows choices based on user preferences—starting with broad categories like individual vs. collaborative work, then refining options based on acoustics, lighting, and temperature preferences. By striking a balance between variety, choice, and autonomy, designers can ensure that spaces remain adaptable without becoming overwhelming.

Beyond Design: The Role of Organizational Culture

Designing for neurodiversity extends beyond physical space—it must be supported by an organization’s culture and leadership. A company’s approach to inclusivity, transparency in communication, and openness to diverse perspectives plays an equally important role in fostering an accommodating environment. The “fourth dimension” of neurodiverse design is the behavior of leadership, which sets the tone for workplace inclusivity. Understanding heuristics and unconscious biases is integral to creating spaces that truly reflect neurodivergent needs.

Conclusion

As designers strive to accommodate an increasingly diverse spectrum of users, they face an ongoing challenge: how to balance inclusivity without creating environments that feel alienating or overly generic. The goal is not to design spaces that attempt to suit every conceivable individual but rather to create adaptable, choice-driven environments that offer flexibility and autonomy.

A skilled designer approaches this challenge with empathy, curiosity, and a willingness to explore new perspectives. As someone once said, “You can’t be all things to all people”—but through thoughtful design, we can strive to be as many things as possible to as many people as we can.